![]() ![]() Therefore, efflux systems can confer a multiple antimicrobial drugs resistance, causing serious public health concerns worldwide. They are membrane proteins that bind to substrates (often are antibiotics), and actively catalyze their translocation in an outward direction leading to a reduction in their intracellular concentrations and thus decrease the therapy efficacy. One of the major antimicrobial resistance mechanisms is the efflux pumps. MRSA is often resistant to many clinically used antibiotics, such as β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, macrolides and lincosamides in Egypt and worldwide. aureus (MRSA) can arise from chromosomal mutations that alter the drug binding sites, and from horizontal gene transfer of the mobile genetic element staphylococcal cassette chromosome elements ( SCCmec). ![]() Methicillin and oxacillin resistance arises from the production of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which is encoded by mecA and has a low affinity to methicillin and other β-lactams. Staphylococcus aureus exhibits diverse antibiotic resistance mechanisms, such as mutation of target site, antibiotics efflux systems, enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics and changes in the antibiotic permeability. In addition, the presence of resistance determinants on mobile genetic elements as transposons, integrons and plasmids has led to the wide spread of MDR strains. ![]() aureus exposed to different antibiotics, disinfectants and sanitizers therefore, it gained an enormous resistance and became multidrug-resistant (MDR). ![]() Its nosocomial infections represent a serious problem as they cause high morbidities and mortalities. aureus invades the host immune system, it crosses the epithelial barrier gains access to deeper tissues as blood and other tissues and thus causes many complicated infections as skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal human bacterium that is widely spread in community and healthcare settings. ![]()
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